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按工序看机器人化 / Heavy Industry & Shipbuilding

Shipyard Hull Construction Line

Steel pretreatment and NC cutting are already automated, but line heating, block welding, painting, pipe outfitting, and inspection still rely on people, and the shipbuilding workforce keeps shrinking. The big advantage: portable welding robots and quadruped robots can be carried straight into the tight block compartments where people have always worked.

7道工序、20项作业可由机器人替代。

Illustration of a shipyard hull construction line from steel pretreatment, cutting and welding to painting, outfitting, block erection and launch, with robots

工序流程

点击工序可跳转到对应作业。

  1. 1Steel intake
  2. 2Cut & bend2项
  3. 3Sub-assembly2项
  4. 4Block assembly7项
  5. 5Painting4项
  6. 6Outfitting2项
  7. 7Erection1项
  8. 8Inspection2项
  9. 9Launch & trials
可由机器人承担专用设备承担由人承担

工序来源：国土交通省 九州運輸局「船ができるまで」 / 国土交通省 海事局 気仙沼市 社会科指導案「船ができるまで」14 工程 / 日本造船工業会 塗装小委員会「造船業における塗装作業について」(2004) / ニュースイッチ「造船倍増、カギはロボット活用」(2026-05-11)

各工序的替代作业

按工序列出人工作业中已有机器人承担实例的项目，可从右侧链接查看候选机型与导入实绩。

  1. Steel receiving & pretreatment

    Receive, store, and sort plates and sections from the mill, then shot-blast them and apply shop primer in the blast shop.

    专用设备

    Shot blasting and primer coating run on a continuous line; plate handling by crane and magnet is part of that equipment.

  2. Cutting & bending

    NC gas or plasma cutters cut parts from design data. Curved shell plates are bent by skilled workers using line heating (gas torch plus water cooling).

    可机器人化
    • 日本已导入机械臂Line heating of curved shell plates: deciding heating lines and running the torch

      Japan Marine United Tsu Works (Mie): small line-heating robots developed with Osaka Metropolitan University under NEDO went into operation (Oct 2024). Two robots on a 10 m plate, accuracy within 1 cm, expanding to four in FY2024.

      来源：ニュースイッチ (2024-10-04)

    • PoC阶段机械臂Replacing line heating at multiple yards with a production-model AI bending robot

      Selected under MLIT's AI next-generation shipyard program (Mar 19, 2026): JMU, Osaka Metropolitan University, Kyokuyo Shipyard, Shin Kurushima Sanoyas, and Higaki Shipbuilding will field-test a production-model AI bending robot that computes heating spots instantly at several yards.

      来源：国土交通省 報道発表 (2026-03-19) / 国土交通省 採択事業リスト（別紙2）

  3. Sub-assembly welding

    Tack longitudinals and frames onto flat plates and weld them into sub-assemblies of a few tons. Since shapes rarely repeat, people handle fixturing, positioning, and welding.

    可机器人化
    • 海外有实绩机械臂Simultaneous fillet welding of sub-assemblies by multiple industrial robots

      HD Hyundai Samho (Yeongam, Korea): from Oct 2022, six industrial robots weld sub-assemblies simultaneously, using GMAW to reduce slag.

      来源：The Korea Times (2023-01-24)

    • PoC阶段机械臂Auto-generating robot instructions from 3D design data and coordinating several welding robots by AI on flat-panel parts

      Imabari Shipbuilding Marugame (Kagawa): under the i-Shipping subsidy, an "automatic welding robot coordination system" that generates instructions from 3D data and pairs robots with portable carriers so people no longer move them (MLIT maritime report; development stage).

      来源：国土交通省 海事レポート 事例「今治造船」

  4. Mid & grand block assembly

    Combine sub-assemblies into blocks of tens of tons; people weld inside tight compartments, at height, and on curved surfaces, and attach lifting lugs.

    可机器人化

  5. Blasting & painting

    Blast and grind weld seams and rust on blocks, then apply multiple coats of anticorrosive and antifouling paint. 85% is done outdoors, much of it at height or in closed compartments.

    可机器人化

  6. Outfitting (piping, electrical, pre-outfitting)

    Fabricate pipe spools (elbows, tees, and flanges welded into units) in the shop and pre-fit them at block stage; cable pulling, machinery, and interiors follow at the quay.

    可机器人化
    • 海外有实绩机械臂Robotizing alignment, welding, and measurement of pipe spools in the pipe shop

      Samsung Heavy Industries Pipe RoboFab (Haman, Korea, completed Mar 16, 2026): 6,500 m², about 100,000 pipe spools a year, with design integration, automated logistics, machining, alignment, and welding run by vision AI. Hanwha Ocean Geoje cut prep work 60% with a pipe-welding cobot (Oct 2023).

      来源：Asia Economy (2026-03-16) / The Korea Times (2023-10-14)

    • PoC阶段自主移动搬运机器人Moving outfitting parts and materials around the yard by AMR

      HD Hyundai Samho x LG CNS x HD Hyundai Robotics x HD KSOE (MoU Sep 15, 2025): developing an AMR-based automated logistics system for the yard plus humanoids for measurement, forming, and welding, targeting welding, assembly, outfitting, and inspection.

      来源：Cyprus Shipping News (2025-09-18)

      该作业的候选机型Transport Robots: In-factory Inter-process Transport

  7. Block erection (dock)

    Carry painted, pre-outfitted blocks to the dock on transporters, lift them in by goliath crane, and weld them together. Imabari's new dock has three 1,330 t cranes.

    可机器人化

  8. Inspection (welds, coatings, compartments)

    Visual and NDT checks of weld beads, coating-thickness measurement, and visual inspection inside tanks and holds, done by yard and class surveyors from scaffolds and lifts.

    可机器人化

  9. Launch, sea trials & delivery

    Flood the dock to launch, finish outfitting and final painting at the quay, verify performance in sea trials, and deliver to the owner.

    由人承担

    Launch and sea trials require owner, class, and yard witnesses and operational judgment. Hanwha Ocean has onshore engineers diagnose remotely during trials, but this is not robot work.

一览

工序可由机器人承担的作业阶段机器人类型应用指南
2. Cutting & bendingLine heating of curved shell plates: deciding heating lines and running the torch日本已导入机械臂Assembly & Processing
2. Cutting & bendingReplacing line heating at multiple yards with a production-model AI bending robotPoC阶段机械臂Assembly & Processing
3. Sub-assembly weldingSimultaneous fillet welding of sub-assemblies by multiple industrial robots海外有实绩机械臂Assembly & Processing
3. Sub-assembly weldingAuto-generating robot instructions from 3D design data and coordinating several welding robots by AI on flat-panel partsPoC阶段机械臂Assembly & Processing
4. Mid & grand block assemblyWelding short seams inside blocks with portable welding robots carried by hand日本已导入机械臂Assembly & Processing
4. Mid & grand block assemblyRail-mounted welding cobots compute weld positions from drawings and weld blocks without manual repositioning海外有实绩机械臂Assembly & Processing
4. Mid & grand block assemblyReplacing welding in confined compartments with lightweight welding robots to offset the welder shortage海外有实绩机械臂Assembly & Processing
4. Mid & grand block assemblyMagnetic-footed quadrupeds walk through dense longitudinals and along walls and ceilings to weldPoC阶段四足机器人Assembly & Processing
4. Mid & grand block assemblyLegged robots that cling by electromagnet climb block exteriors to weld, paint, and verify quality at height and on curvesPoC阶段四足机器人Assembly & Processing
4. Mid & grand block assemblyHumanoids trained on veteran welders' motions take over block weldingPoC阶段人形Assembly & Processing
4. Mid & grand block assemblyCutting lifting lugs, welding them with robot arms, and moving finished lugs onward by AMR海外有实绩自主移动搬运机器人机械臂In-plant Transport
5. Blasting & paintingCleaning and grinding ship compartments with an autonomous mobility unit that detects obstaclesPoC阶段清洁机器人Industrial Cleaning & Surface Treatment
5. Blasting & paintingRemoving coatings and rust with a cobot carrying a laser and image-recognition AIPoC阶段机械臂Industrial Cleaning & Surface Treatment
5. Blasting & paintingReplacing painting at height with AI painting robots under multi-robot fleet controlPoC阶段机械臂Industrial Cleaning & Surface Treatment
5. Blasting & paintingHull washing, blasting, and painting by mobile robots (adjacent case from repair yards)海外有实绩野外作业Industrial Cleaning & Surface Treatment
6. Outfitting (piping, electrical, pre-outfitting)Robotizing alignment, welding, and measurement of pipe spools in the pipe shop海外有实绩机械臂Assembly & Processing
6. Outfitting (piping, electrical, pre-outfitting)Moving outfitting parts and materials around the yard by AMRPoC阶段自主移动搬运机器人In-plant Transport
7. Block erection (dock)Replacing transporter driving for super-large blocks between assembly stages and the dock with autonomous transportersPoC阶段自主移动搬运机器人In-plant Transport
8. Inspection (welds, coatings, compartments)Judging weld-bead quality right after welding with AI integrated into the welding robot海外有实绩机械臂Inspection & Quality Control
8. Inspection (welds, coatings, compartments)Replacing scaffold inspection inside tanks and holds with drone visual checks and thickness gauging (adjacent case on ships in service)已有产品无人机Inspection & Quality Control

导入前的确认点

  • A ship has 100-plus blocks, each with different shapes and sequences. Check whether weld lines and paths come straight from 3D design data, or whether the robot finds seams on site by camera and laser (Imabari's coordination system, Kobelco SMART TEACHING, System LSI's auto-detection).
  • Confined spaces, height, and curved surfaces are the main battleground. Choose by whether the unit can be hand-carried (6–17 kg) or walk walls and ceilings on magnetic feet; the robots-per-operator ratio (Shin Kurushima 1:3, HD Hyundai 1:2 to 6) decides the labor saving.
  • Weld and coating quality fall under class rules. A guideline for verifying robot welds is still a draft under the MLIT program, while ClassNK already has drone-survey guidelines; confirm class-society (ClassNK, ABS, DNV) evaluation and approval procedures up front.
  • 85% of shipyard painting is outdoors. Check tolerance to wind, rain, temperature, dust, and paint mist, quadruped operating range (DIDEN: −10 to 60°C), and whether explosion-proofing is needed.
  • Tanks and holds are steel-enclosed, so GPS and magnetic compasses are disturbed (ClassNK). Verify indoor positioning and communication for drones and autonomous robots.
  • Loads range from sub-assemblies of a few tons to blocks of tens of tons. Standard AMRs handle outfitting parts and lugs; block-class transport belongs to autonomous transporters still at the national-project stage.

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